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- | ====== DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS ====== | ||
- | Demonstratives (abbreviated dem) are words, such as this and that, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. They are typically deictic; their meaning depending on a particular frame of reference and cannot be understood without context. Demonstratives are often used in spatial deixis (where the speaker or sometimes the listener are to provide context), but also in intra-discourse reference (including abstract concepts) or anaphora, where the meaning is dependent on something other than the relative physical location of the speaker, for example whether something is currently being said or was said earlier. | ||
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- | Demonstrative constructions include demonstrative adjectives or demonstrative determiners, | ||
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- | Distal and proximal demonstratives | ||
- | Many languages, such as English and Chinese, make a two-way distinction between demonstratives. Typically, one set of demonstratives is proximal, indicating objects close to the speaker (English this), and the other series is distal, indicating objects further removed from the speaker (English that). | ||
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- | Other languages, like Nandi, Hawaiian, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Armenian, Serbo-Croatian, | ||
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- | Typically, one set of demonstratives is proximal, indicating objects close to the speaker (English this), and the other series is distal, indicating objects further removed from the speaker (English that). | ||
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- | | such | {{: | ||
- | | that | {{: | ||
- | | these | {{: | ||
- | | this | {{: | ||
- | | those | {{: |