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| en:medical-antonyms [2024/02/22 15:39] – brahmantra | en:medical-antonyms [2024/02/22 16:12] () – brahmantra | ||
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| - | * Right heart x left heart | ||
| - | * Right atrium x left atrium | ||
| - | * Right ventricle x left ventricle | ||
| - | * Inspiration x expiration | ||
| - | * Fire extinguisher (carbon dioxide) x fire producer(oxygen) | ||
| - | * Right eye x left eye | ||
| - | * Right ear x left ear | ||
| - | * Right half of nose x left half of nose | ||
| - | * Right lung x left lung | ||
| - | * Ascending colon x descending colon | ||
| - | * Right brain x left brain | ||
| - | * RIGHT HAND X LEFT HAND | ||
| - | * right radius x left radius | ||
| - | * Right leg x left leg | ||
| - | * Right hemisphere x left hemisphere | ||
| - | * Front face x back face | ||
| - | * Left face x right face | ||
| - | * Upward facing x downward facing | ||
| - | * Clockwise rotation x anticlock wise rotation | ||
| - | * Vertical axis x horizontal axis | ||
| - | * Vertical vertebra x horizontal diaphragm | ||
| - | * Vertical spinal cord x horizontal spinal nerves | ||
| - | * Vertical corticospinal tracts x horizontal corpus callosum or association fibres | ||
| - | * Central x peripheral | ||
| - | * Parallel planes x perpendicular planes | ||
| - | * Cranial x caudal | ||
| - | * Cranial mouth x caudal anus | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * Dominant x recessive | ||
| - | * Mongenic x polygenic | ||
| - | * Gene locus x translocation of gene | ||
| - | * Normal location x transposition | ||
| - | * Copying or.cheating x self writing or sincere | ||
| - | * Writing x erasing | ||
| - | * Coding x decoding | ||
| - | * Translation x transliteration | ||
| - | * Dividing x combining or forming | ||
| - | * Separation x mixing | ||
| - | * Cutting x joining | ||
| - | * Separation of dna strands x mixing of dna strands | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * sensitive x specific | ||
| - | * Antibiotic sensitivity x antibiotic resistance | ||
| - | * Susceltibility of bacteria to antibiotics x resistance of bacteria to antibiotics | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * True positive x true negative (with disease ) | ||
| - | * True x false (lie) | ||
| - | * Correction x error | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * respond to many x respond to only one | ||
| - | * responsive x non responsive | ||
| - | * looking back X Looking forward | ||
| - | * looking back from effect to cause X Looking forward from cause to effect | ||
| - | * retrospective study X prospective study | ||
| - | * blind trials X Visible proof or proven | ||
| - | * morbidity x health | ||
| - | * morbidity indicator x health indicator or qualties of life | ||
| - | * mortality x life | ||
| - | * men x women | ||
| - | * young x old | ||
| - | * cause x effect | ||
| - | * exposure x outcome | ||
| - | * risk x disease | ||
| - | * unknown x known | ||
| - | * invisible case (subclinical case) x visible case (clinical case) | ||
| - | * large x small | ||
| - | * population (large group of people) X smaller group of people(focus) | ||
| - | * normal person x abnormal person | ||
| - | * normal person or healthy person X abnormal person (ill or diseased person) or case | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== DISTURBANCE ANTONYM ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | DECREASE(GOING AWAY) OR LEFT X RIGHT (GOING RIGHT IN FORWARD DIRECTION) | ||
| - | LOSSES X GAINERS | ||
| - | |||
| - | * FLUID PHYSIOLOGY | ||
| - | * colloid osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure | ||
| - | * Inside X outside | ||
| - | * Inside fluid (intracellular fluid) X extracellular fluid (Outside fluid) | ||
| - | * Dilute(inside) X Concentrated (outside) | ||
| - | * concentrated(inside) X Dilute(outside) | ||
| - | * low concentration of electrolytes | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * water potential (potential energy of water) X kinetic energy of water | ||
| - | * Charge potential of cell(membrane potential inside cell) X membrane potential outside cell(charge potential of outside fluid | ||
| - | * resting membrane potential X Dynamic changes in potential | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * hypertonic solution X hypotonic solution (both terms are unequal but it is differentiated on the basis of movement of water from cells) | ||
| - | * Cell shrink X Cell swelling | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Soluble | ||
| - | * hydrophilic(water loving) X hydrophobic(water hating or fearing) | ||
| - | * lipophilic X Lipophobic | ||
| - | * hemophilic x hemophobic | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * chromophobe cells include basophils and eosinophils | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * BASOPHILIC X ACIDOPHILIC | ||
| - | * BASE LOVER X ACID LOVER | ||
| - | * NEUTROPHIL = NEUTRAL LOVER (both granules present) | ||
| - | * AZUROPHILIC X AZUROPHOBIC | ||
| - | * EOSINOPHILIC X EOSINOPHOBIA | ||
| - | * BASOPHILIC X BASOPHOBES | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * mixing X separation | ||
| - | * combining X breaking | ||
| - | * combine X Break | ||
| - | * ionic X Non - ionic | ||
| - | * acid X Base | ||
| - | * hydrostatic pressure (pressure of static water) X pressure gradient (pressure which drives water flow) | ||
| - | * inward flow X Outward flow (inward flow of water across semipermeable membrane X Outward flow of water across semipermeable membrane) | ||
| - | * permeable X impermeable (SEMI-PERMEABLE == cell membrane is semipermeable that is it is permeable and impermeable both) | ||
| - | * addition of solutes lowers water potential(NEGATIVE VECTOR) X Increase in pressure increases water potential (POSITIVE VECTOR) | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Flow is always from pure water (water with less or no solutes) to impure water (Water with higher concentration of solutes) | ||
| - | * sea water has always higher concentration of salt(sodium) so from higher gradient to lower (solute movement from sea water to lakes(fresh water)) | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * equal X Unequal | ||
| - | * barrier X Assistance or helpers | ||
| - | * restriction X Entrance or passage | ||
| - | * change in concentration over a distance is called concentration gradient X | ||
| - | * change in pressure over a distance is called pressure gradient x | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * tonicity ( it is the relative concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane) | ||
| - | * osmolarity | ||
| - | * water is always more extracellular because the content of water is more outside than on inside of cell,but the main aim is not to control water potential or gradient but to maintain the ionic composition and volume of water constant. | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * colloid (proteins - albumin, | ||
| - | * crystals(mineral ions,and water soluble compounds) | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * crystalloid osmotic pressure distinguishes because of the presence of large pores in capillaries which tend to equalize solute concentrations on either side of membrane. | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * hypovolemia X increased blood volume | ||
| - | * hyponatremia X hypernatremia | ||
| - | * hypokalemia X hyperkalemia | ||
| - | * hypocalcemia X hypercalcemia | ||
| - | * bone mineralization(formation) x bone resorption(release of minerals from bone) | ||
| - | * Hypoxia x hyperoxia | ||
| - | * Hypocarbia x hypercarbia | ||
| - | * Acidosis x alkalosis | ||
| - | * Hypotension x hypertension | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * GAS PHYSIOLOGY | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Partial pressure(pressure of individual gas) X Pressure (pressure by whole mixture of gases) | ||
| - | * Hyperventilation x hypoventilation | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * DE - POLARIZATION | ||
| - | * RE - POLARIZATION | ||
| - | * POLARIZATION - POLARITY X NON-POLAR OR NO POLARITY | ||
| - | * polarity arises due to the solubility of molecules in a solution.insoluble compunds are non -polar | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== BLOOD ANTONYM ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | * Exotoxin x endotoxin | ||
| - | * Outside x inside | ||
| - | * Heat labile x heat stable | ||
| - | * Dna ligase x deoxyribo nuclease | ||
| - | * Hemolysis x heme synthesis | ||
| - | * Single celled | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Immune system | ||
| - | * Artificial immunity x natural immunity | ||
| - | * Active immunity x passive immunity | ||
| - | * Accquired immunity x innate or immunity since birth | ||
| - | * Autoimmunity or immunity against oneself | ||
| - | * Cell production x cell killing | ||
| - | * Cell recognition x cell forget | ||
| - | * Insecure or risk to cell or harmful.x safety or security or | ||
| - | * Polycythemia x pancytopenia | ||
| - | * Leucopenia x leucocytosis | ||
| - | * Leucopenia x leucocytoosis(seen in tumours of immune cells) | ||
| - | * Immunodeficiency x increased immune cells | ||
| - | * Intolerance x tolerance | ||
| - | * Immume intolerance x | ||
| - | * Anemia x increased rbc count | ||
| - | * Immunocompetent x immunocompromised | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Blast is s producer x clast is a breaker | ||
| - | * Osteoblast(bone substance producer) × osteoclast (bone substance breaker) | ||
| - | * Fibroblast x fibrocytes | ||
| - | * Chondroblast x chondrocytes | ||
| - | * Erythroblast x | ||
| - | * Megaloblast x | ||
| - | * Myeloblast x | ||
| - | * Lymphoblast x | ||
| - | * Trophoblast x trophic cells | ||
| - | * Unipotent(single potency) x pluripotent(plural potency) or multipotent(multiple potency) | ||
| - | * Dense connective tissue x loose connective tissue | ||
| - | * Stratified epithelium x non stratified or single layer | ||
| - | * Short or cuboid or flat x tall or columnar or pseudostratified epithelium | ||
| - | * Keratinized x non- keratinized | ||
| - | * Dry or scaly epithelium | ||
| - | * Elastic x plastic | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== ENDOCRINE ANTONYM ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | * hypoglycemia | ||
| - | * decreased insulin X increased insulin | ||
| - | * hypoglycemia | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * hypothyroidism | ||
| - | * hypothyroidism | ||
| - | * decreased thyroid gland X increased thyroid gland(thyromegaly) | ||
| - | * thyromegaly(iodine deficiency or less TSH) X thyromegaly(hyperthyroidism OR More TSH) | ||
| - | * hypoparathyroidism X hyperparathyroidism | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * addison' | ||
| - | * hypocortisolism X hypercortisolism | ||
| - | * adrenal insufficiency or hypoaldosteronism X primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn's syndrome | ||
| - | * degeneration (decreased gland secreting cells) X adenoma(increased gland secreting cells ) | ||
| - | * atrophy of adrenal gland X congenital adrenal hyperplasia | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * rickets(children) or osteomalacia(adults) X BONE TUMOUR(new piece of bone) | ||
| - | * atrophy X Hyperplasia | ||
| - | * atrophy | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * water retention x water excretion or diuresis | ||
| - | * anti-diuresis x diuresis | ||
| - | * Increased frequency of urine x decreased frequency of urine | ||
| - | * Polyria x anuria | ||
| - | * Increased glomerular filtration rate x decreased glomerular filtration rate | ||
| - | * Increased reabsorption x decreased reabsorption | ||
| - | * Counter current | ||
| - | * Flowing in opposite direction x flowing in parallel or same direction | ||
| - | * Antiparallel direction x parallel direction | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * hypoandrogenism(low testosterone) X hyperandrogenism(high testosterone) | ||
| - | * hypoestrogenism x hyperestrogenism(high estrogen levels) | ||
| - | * Hypogonadism X hypergonadism(hyperfunction of gonads) | ||
| - | * gonadotropin deficiency x gonadotropin excess | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== musculoskeletal antonyms ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | * kyphosis X lordosis | ||
| - | * valgus(outward angulation) | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Foot. pes valgus (from Latin pes = foot) — a medial deviation of the foot at subtalar joint. | ||
| - | * Hand: manus valgus (from Latin manus = hand) | ||
| - | * Wrist: Madelung' | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Hip: coxa valga (from Latin coxa = hip) — the shaft of the femur is bent outward in respect to the neck of the femur. Coxa valga >125 degrees. Coxa vara <125 degrees. | ||
| - | * Hip: coxa vara — the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced, resulting in a limp. | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Knee: genu valgum (from Latin genu = knee) — the tibia is turned outward in relation to the femur, resulting in a knock-kneed appearance. | ||
| - | * Knee: genu varum (from Latin genu = knee) — the tibia is turned inward in relation to the femur, resulting in a bowlegged deformity. | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Ankle: talipes valgus (from Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot) — outward turning of the heel, resulting in a 'flat foot' presentation. | ||
| - | * Ankle: talipes equinovarus (from Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot) — inward turning of the heel, resulting in clubfoot with the person walking on the outer part of the foot. | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Toe: hallux valgus (from Latin hallux = big toe) — outward deviation of the big toe toward the second toe. Resulting in a bunion. | ||
| - | * Toe: hallux varus (Latin hallux = big toe) — inward deviation of the big toe away from the second toe. | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Elbows: cubitus varus (Latin cubitus = elbow) — turned inward elbows | ||
| - | * Elbows: cubitus valgus (from Latin cubitus = elbow) — turned-in elbows | ||
| - | |||
| - | ORTHOPEDICS - MUSCLES | ||
| - | |||
| - | * abduction (abductor) X adduction (adductor) | ||
| - | * flexion(flexors of forearm) X extension (extensor of forearm) | ||
| - | * pronation(pronator) x supination(supinator) | ||
| - | * elevation of scapula(muscle mover) X lowering of scapula(paralysis) | ||
| - | * dropped shoulder(Trapezius paralysis) | ||
| - | * gastroparesis(gastro + paresis=paralysis) X gastric emptying or peristalsis of stomach | ||
| - | * lock jaw x mastication | ||
| - | * wrist drop X Wrist extension | ||
| - | * foot drop X Foot extension | ||
| - | * ptosis or horner' | ||
| - | * thumb movement (abduction and opposition) X ape hand deformity | ||
| - | * partial claw X | ||
| - | * Klumpke' | ||
| - | * erb's duchene palsy presents with waiter' | ||
| - | * bell's palsy >>>> | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | ===== NERVOUS SYSTEM ANTONYMS ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * ABILITY X DISABILITY | ||
| - | * intelligent X mentally retarded | ||
| - | * depression X anxiety | ||
| - | * phobia(fear) OR PANIC(RUNNING AWAY FROM) X courage OR MANIA(CRAZY) RUNNING TOWARDS IT | ||
| - | * Good mood x bad mood | ||
| - | * able to memorize x unable to memorize(dementia) | ||
| - | * able to remember (memory) x unable to remember (amnesia) | ||
| - | * able to control body movements x unable to control body movements (ataxia) | ||
| - | * able to speak x unable to speak DUMB | ||
| - | * speaking non-sense(aphasia) x speaking sense | ||
| - | * ability to articulate speech x inability to articulate speech(dysarthria or anarthria) | ||
| - | * able to sleep x unable to sleep (insomnia) | ||
| - | * able to hear x unable to hear (DEAF) | ||
| - | * able to write x unable to write (agraphia or dysgraphia --- inability to communicate through writing) | ||
| - | * able to read x unable to read (dyslexia or alexia- reading disorder) | ||
| - | * able to think x unable to think | ||
| - | * able to feel touch(sensation) x unable to feel touch (anaesthesia) | ||
| - | * able to feel pain(algia) x unable to feel pain(analgesia) | ||
| - | * normal controlled body movements x abnormal uncontrolled body movements (athetosis, | ||
| - | * voluntary muscle movements (self controlled) x involuntary muscle movements (uncontrolled) --- dyskinesias, | ||
| - | * hypokinesia (reduced amplitude of movment) x hyperkinesia (intrude with the normal flow of motor activity -REPITITIVE MOVEMENTS includes dyskinesia) | ||
| - | * bradykinesia (slow movements and rigidity) X | ||
| - | * able to walk in normal gait X unable to walk in normal gait | ||
| - | * able to stand in a normal posture x unable to stand in a normal posture | ||
| - | * able to recognize x inability to recognize (agnosia, | ||
| - | * Inability to sit is akathisia (urge to move ) x sit calmly... | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * hypotonia(of muscles - amount of tension or resistance to stretch) x hypertonia (of muscles) | ||
| - | * hypotonia also called floppy baby syndrome that is resistance to passive movement... resisting while moved by other person. | ||
| - | * less stretch x more stretch | ||
| - | * conscious x unconscious | ||
| - | * love X hate | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | THE NORMAL SEQUENCE OF VOLUNTARY CONTROL IS | ||
| - | |||
| - | * CONTROL CENTRE >>>> | ||
| - | * CONTROL CENTRE(DESTROYED) >>>> | ||
| - | |||
| - | * CONTROL CENTRE >>>> | ||
| - | * CONTROL CENTRE >>>> | ||
| - | |||
| - | * WEAK [[LOW TONE(DEAD WEIGHT, | ||
| - | * CONTINUOUS X ALTERNATE | ||
| - | * CONTINOUS PASSIVE PARTIAL CONTRACTION == MUSCLE TONE OR TONUS | ||
| - | * CONTINUOUS PASSIVE PARTIAL CONTRACTION | ||
| - | * FLACCIDITY X SPASTICITY OR RIGIDITY | ||
| - | * FLACCID(WEAK)HYPOTONIA | ||
| - | |||
| - | * CONTRALATERAL X IPSILATERAL | ||
| - | * STRAIGHT X CURVED OR CROSS | ||
| - | * PARALLEL X PERPENDICULAR | ||
| - | |||
| - | * Good dreams x bad dreams | ||
| - | * Flight of ideas x thought blocking | ||
| - | * Defence x fight | ||
| - | * Laugh x cry | ||
| - | * Action x mutism | ||
| - | * Sleep x awake | ||
| - | * Arousal or alert x disturbed or disoriented | ||
| - | * Orientation x disorientation | ||
| - | |||
| - | * Nerve fibre tumour x nerve degeneration | ||
| - | * Astrocytoma | ||
| - | * Schwannoma | ||
| - | * Neurofibroma | ||
| - | * Brain tumour x brain infarct or degeneration of nerves | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== SENSE ORGANS ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | * Vision X blind | ||
| - | * Incorrect vision X correct vision | ||
| - | * incorrect vision (refractive error ) X correct vision ( treated eye or refractive error corrected with treatment) | ||
| - | * hypermetropia (image far behind the eye) x myopia (image formed infront of eye) | ||
| - | * focus shifted backwards or went back X focus shifted forwards or came forwards | ||
| - | * In future form to move front x in future form to move back | ||
| - | * in future form to move front we use converging focus rays X In future form to move back we use divering focus rays | ||
| - | * concave x convex | ||
| - | * no light x light | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * EAR,NOSE AND THROAT | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * hearing loss or dumb x hearing | ||
| - | * INCORRECT HEARING X CORRECT HEARING | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * presbyopia (old age vision loss) | ||
| - | * presbycusis (old age hearing loss) | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== DRUGS ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | ANTICOAGULANTS - ends in parin, rin | ||
| - | THROMBOLYTICS - ends in ase, kinase | ||
| - | -ase = thrombolytic | ||
| - | -kinase = thrombolytics | ||
| - | -parin = anticoagulant | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * HEMOSTASIS (PLATELETS AGGREGATION >>>> | ||
| - | * ANTI-ANAEMIC X ANAEMIA (Decrease in the number of cars due to deficiency of folic acid, | ||
| - | * ANTI-HEMORRHAGIC X HEMORRHAGE | ||
| - | * (ANTI-COAGULANTS X COAGULATION | ||
| - | * ANTI-THROMBOTIC X THROMBOSIS | ||
| - | * (ANTI-THROMBOLYTIC X THROMBOLYTIC (breaking the formed clot or dissolving them using certain machines and chemicals) | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | ===== medical management antonym ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * Reconstruction x breaking or destroy | ||
| - | * Conception x contraception | ||
| - | * Natural x artificial | ||
| - | * Endotracheal tube x trachea | ||
| - | * Nasogastric tube x oesophagus | ||
| - | * Aspiration x administration or injection | ||
| - | * artificial Transplantation x natural transplantation | ||
| - | * Separation of blood components x mixing of blood components | ||
| - | * Low blood volume(disturbance) x correct | ||
| - | * Crushing x dilatation | ||
| - | * Seeing inside x seeing from outside | ||
| - | * Seeing inside (ENDOSCOPY) X Seeing from out(x ray..mri..ct scan) | ||
| - | * Incorrect x correct | ||
| - | * Incorrect = low or high | ||
| - | * Correction = decreasing to normal or increasing to normal | ||
| - | * Going towards normal x going away from normal | ||
| - | * Natural ventilation x artificial ventilation | ||
| - | * Positive pressure ventilation x negative pressure ventilation | ||
| - | * Continuous positive pressure x continuous negative pressure | ||
| - | * Natural pace maker x artificial pacemaker | ||
| - | * Natural organ x artificial organ | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Natural environment x artificial environment | ||
| - | * Bone marrow aspiration x bone marrow transplantation | ||
| - | * Natural lens x contact artificial lens | ||
| - | * Natural cornea x artificial cornea | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Natural environment of human cell x artificial environment of cell | ||
| - | * Cell inside human body x cell outside human body called as cell culture | ||
| - | * Natural bone x artificial bone | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== git diseases ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | * Gastro intestinal antonym | ||
| - | * gastric emptying X delayed gastric emptying (gastroparesis) | ||
| - | * good cholesterol(hdl) | ||
| - | * absorption X malabsorption | ||
| - | * Malabsorption syndrome ... | ||
| - | * Digestion x indigestion | ||
| - | * Increased gastric acid secretion x decreased gastric secretion | ||
| - | * Hypochlorhydria x hyperchlorhydria | ||
| - | * incontinence X constipation | ||
| - | * egestion X constipation | ||
| - | * diarrhea X constipation | ||
| - | * increased peristalsis X decreased motility | ||
| - | * Catabolism(break) x anabolism (combine or build) | ||
| - | * Paralytic ileus x | ||
| - | * Gastroparesis x dumping syndrome | ||
| - | * Polydipsia x no thirst | ||
| - | * Hunger x satiety | ||
| - | * Abdominal distension with gas x flatulence | ||
| - | * Organ failure x organ function | ||
| - | * Liver failure x liver function | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Vomiting complications bilious or non bilious vomiting | ||
| - | * At the level of pylorus obstruction | ||
| - | * At the level of ileum | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== heart disorders ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * DISTRUBANCES | ||
| - | * increased blood volume(hypervolemia) X hypovolemia(decreased blood volume) | ||
| - | * increased blood flow X decreased blood flow | ||
| - | * hyperaemia X ischemia | ||
| - | * congestion(stagnation ) X infarction(deprivation or isolaation) | ||
| - | * increased venous return x decreased venous return | ||
| - | * increased blood flow to lungs x decreased blood flow to lungs | ||
| - | * increased blood flow to heart muscles x decreased blood flow to heart muscles | ||
| - | * increased blood flow to right atrium x decreased blood flow to right atrium | ||
| - | * portal hypertension x portal hypotension | ||
| - | * hypertension x hypotension | ||
| - | * hemorrhage or shock x excess blood transfusion | ||
| - | * cardiac arrest x heart beat | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * DISORDERS | ||
| - | * congestive heart failure X myocardial infarction | ||
| - | * aortic aneurysm X aortic stenosis | ||
| - | * berry aneurysm(brain) X cerebral infarction | ||
| - | * Increased cardiac output x decreased cardiac output | ||
| - | * increased contractility x decreased contractility | ||
| - | * increased preload x decreased preload | ||
| - | * increased afterload x decreased afterload | ||
| - | * increased pulmonary capillary pressure x decreased pulmonary capillary pressure | ||
| - | * increased mean arterial pressure x decreased mean arterial pressure | ||
| - | * Increased peripheral resistance x decreased peripheral resistance | ||
| - | * increased AV node conduction x decreased AV node conduction | ||
| - | * increased sinus rhythm x decreased sinus rhythm | ||
| - | * increased circulation x decreased circulation | ||
| - | * increased peripheral resistance x decreased peripheral resistance | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * hypoplasia of heart x hyperplasia | ||
| - | * brown atrophy of heart x hypertrophy of heart | ||
| - | * death of heart muscles | ||
| - | * peace x war | ||
| - | * invasion x evasion | ||
| - | * silent blood flow x blood flow with murmurs | ||
| - | * silent closing of gates/ | ||
| - | * silent opening of gates x opening of gates with sound | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * left bundle branch block x right bundle branch block | ||
| - | * block or obstruction x rhythm or flow | ||
| - | * sinus rhythm x sinus block (block at SA node) | ||
| - | * atrio ventricular rhythm x | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Tachycardia x bradycardia | ||
| - | * Sinus rhythm x arrythmia | ||
| - | * Tachyarrythmia x bradyarrythmia | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Electrocardiogram antonym | ||
| - | * ST Elevation x st depression | ||
| - | * T wave elevated x t wave depressed | ||
| - | * R - R Interval increased x r - r interval decreased | ||
| - | * Irregular rhythm x regular rhythm | ||
| - | * P wave tall x | ||
| - | * pr segment | ||
| - | * qrs complex x | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== respiratory disorders ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * increased elastic resistance x decreased elastic resistance | ||
| - | * increased compliance x decreased compliance | ||
| - | * increased partial pressure of oxygen x decreased partial pressure of oxygen | ||
| - | * increased partial pressure of carbondioxide x decreased partial pressure of carbondioxide | ||
| - | * increased ventilation x decreased ventilation | ||
| - | * increased perfusion x decreased perfusion | ||
| - | * increased intrapleural pressure | ||
| - | * increased intrathoracic pressure x decreased intrathoracic pressure | ||
| - | * hyperinflation x hypoinflation | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * restrictive airway disease x obstructive airway disease (emphysema and bronchiectasis there is permanent enlargement of bronchi) | ||
| - | * increased airway resistance x decreased airway resistance | ||
| - | * laminar air flow x turbulent air flow | ||
| - | * free passage of air x air trapping in lungs | ||
| - | * collapse of alveoli x | ||
| - | * increased surface tension x decreased surface tension | ||
| - | * silent breathing x sound breathing | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== skin disorders ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | * Dermatology | ||
| - | * Scattered patches x focussed patch | ||
| - | * Hyperpigmentation x hypopigmentation | ||
| - | * Dense hair x loss of hair | ||
| - | * Rash x smooth | ||
| - | * Wet ,water filled or pus filled bulla or nodule | ||
| - | * Elevated nodule x depressed ulcer | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== tissue antonym ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | ab hum medicine ke language ke bare mein thoda baat karenge kyunki medicine ka language yaani iske poore root words latin se originate huye hain.ab neeche main ek paragraph linkhoonga latin mein jisko aap padhenge. | ||
| - | |||
| - | * SYNONYMS(meaning of a word in another form or word) -- | ||
| - | * ANTONYMS(opposite meaning of a word) | ||
| - | * singular and plural(it defines whether the word tells about a single thing or many things) | ||
| - | * sentence formation (using different words) or a specific word. | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Health x disease | ||
| - | * Good x bad | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * White blood cells x black cells (bacteria ... Black) | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Lightness x darkness (complete absorption of light) | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Gray is the intermediate between white and black which we will refer to as water and ions... Or clouds | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * White is made up of seven colours of vibgyor spectrum called | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * visible spectrum ....... Starts from here .... Violet .. Indigo ... Blue ... Green ... Yellow ... Orange ...red | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * Ultra violet ................ Infrared rays ... | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * life x death | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * good cell x bad cell (bacteria) | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * high x low | ||
| - | * increase x decrease | ||
| - | * big x small | ||
| - | * static x dynamic (moving) | ||
| - | * active x inactive | ||
| - | * dilation x constriction | ||
| - | * wide x narrow | ||
| - | * secretion(hide) x show | ||
| - | * up x down | ||
| - | * right x left | ||
| - | * forward x backward | ||
| - | * short x tall | ||
| - | * soft x hard | ||
| - | * young x old | ||
| - | * order x disorder | ||
| - | * systematically x disorderly | ||
| - | * balloon, | ||
| - | * concave ,cupped ,sinking x convex, | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * dry eye X wet eye | ||
| - | * anemia X increased red blood cells | ||
| - | * pancytopenia X polycythemia | ||
| - | * aneurysm X stenosis | ||
| - | * dilatation of vessels X constriction of vessels | ||
| - | * vasodilation X vasoconstriction | ||
| - | * miosis X mydriasis | ||
| - | * fight X rest | ||
| - | * increased oxygen consumption(BMR) X decreased oxygen consumption (BMR) | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * tachycardia X bradycardia | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * micro(histo) X macro(gross) | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * fever X hypothermia | ||
| - | * catabolism X anabolism | ||
| - | * stimulation X inhibition | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * MUSCLE TISSUE | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * vasoconstriction X vasodilation | ||
| - | * muscle contraction X muscle relaxation | ||
| - | * smooth muscle contraction x smooth muscle relaxation | ||
| - | * cardiac muscle contraction X cardiac muscle relaxation | ||
| - | * skeletal muscle contraction X skeletal muscle relation | ||
| - | * Atrial systole x atrial diastole | ||
| - | * contractility X excitability | ||
| - | * miosis | ||
| - | * extend(enlarge, | ||
| - | * abduct(carry off, | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | * stand X lie down | ||
| - | * perpendicular or vertical | ||
| - | * go(pass, | ||
| - | * Voluntary(free service,own will service) x compulsory (obligatory, | ||
| - | * autonomic(self governing, | ||
| - | * skeletal muscle under voluntary control of somatic nervous system | ||
| - | * smooth muscle (very smooth - no striations like rough) -- is an involuntary | ||
| + | | ||