DECREASE(GOING AWAY) OR LEFT X RIGHT (GOING RIGHT IN FORWARD DIRECTION) LOSSES X GAINERS

• FLUID PHYSIOLOGY
• colloid osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure X Hydrostatic pressure (pressure of blood against wall - static fluid pressure)I
• Inside X outside
• Inside fluid (intracellular fluid) X extracellular fluid (Outside fluid)
• Dilute(inside) X Concentrated (outside)
• concentrated(inside) X Dilute(outside)
• low concentration of electrolytes X HIGH concentration of electrolytes
• POTENTIAL
• water potential (potential energy of water) X kinetic energy of water
• Charge potential of cell(membrane potential inside cell) X membrane potential outside cell(charge potential of outside fluid
• resting membrane potential X Dynamic changes in potential
• hypertonic solution X hypotonic solution (both terms are unequal but it is differentiated on the basis of movement of water from cells)
• Cell shrink X Cell swelling
• Soluble X Insoluble
• hydrophilic(water loving) X hydrophobic(water hating or fearing)
• lipophilic X Lipophobic
• hemophilic x hemophobic
• chromophobe cells include basophils and eosinophils
• BASOPHILIC X ACIDOPHILIC
• BASE LOVER X ACID LOVER
• NEUTROPHIL = NEUTRAL LOVER (both granules present)
• AZUROPHILIC X AZUROPHOBIC
• EOSINOPHILIC X EOSINOPHOBIA
• BASOPHILIC X BASOPHOBES
• mixing X separation
• combining X breaking
• combine X Break
• ionic X Non - ionic
• acid X Base
• hydrostatic pressure (pressure of static water) X pressure gradient (pressure which drives water flow)
• inward flow X Outward flow (inward flow of water across semipermeable membrane X Outward flow of water across semipermeable membrane)
• permeable X impermeable (SEMI-PERMEABLE == cell membrane is semipermeable that is it is permeable and impermeable both)
• addition of solutes lowers water potential(NEGATIVE VECTOR) X Increase in pressure increases water potential (POSITIVE VECTOR)
• Flow is always from pure water (water with less or no solutes) to impure water (Water with higher concentration of solutes)
• sea water has always higher concentration of salt(sodium) so from higher gradient to lower (solute movement from sea water to lakes(fresh water))
• equal X Unequal
• barrier X Assistance or helpers
• restriction X Entrance or passage
• change in concentration over a distance is called concentration gradient X
• change in pressure over a distance is called pressure gradient x
• tonicity ( it is the relative concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane)
• osmolarity
• water is always more extracellular because the content of water is more outside than on inside of cell,but the main aim is not to control water potential or gradient but to maintain the ionic composition and volume of water constant.
• colloid (proteins - albumin,gelatin and water insoluble compounds)
• crystals(mineral ions,and water soluble compounds)
• crystalloid osmotic pressure distinguishes because of the presence of large pores in capillaries which tend to equalize solute concentrations on either side of membrane.
• hypovolemia X increased blood volume
• hyponatremia X hypernatremia
• hypokalemia X hyperkalemia
• hypocalcemia X hypercalcemia
• bone mineralization(formation) x bone resorption(release of minerals from bone)
• Hypoxia x hyperoxia
• Hypocarbia x hypercarbia
• Acidosis x alkalosis
• Hypotension x hypertension
• GAS PHYSIOLOGY
• Partial pressure(pressure of individual gas) X Pressure (pressure by whole mixture of gases)
• Hyperventilation x hypoventilation
• DE - POLARIZATION
• RE - POLARIZATION
• POLARIZATION - POLARITY X NON-POLAR OR NO POLARITY
• polarity arises due to the solubility of molecules in a solution.insoluble compunds are non -polar

• Exotoxin x endotoxin
• Outside x inside
• Heat labile x heat stable
• Dna ligase x deoxyribo nuclease
• Hemolysis x heme synthesis
• Single celled organism x multiple celled organism
• Immune system
• Artificial immunity x natural immunity
• Active immunity x passive immunity
• Accquired immunity x innate or immunity since birth
• Autoimmunity or immunity against oneself x immunity against bacteria or microbes
• Cell production x cell killing
• Cell recognition x cell forget
• Insecure or risk to cell or harmful.x safety or security or
• Polycythemia x pancytopenia
• Leucopenia x leucocytosis
• Leucopenia x leucocytoosis(seen in tumours of immune cells)
• Immunodeficiency x increased immune cells
• Intolerance x tolerance
• Immume intolerance x
• Anemia x increased rbc count
• Immunocompetent x immunocompromised
• Blast is s producer x clast is a breaker
• Osteoblast(bone substance producer) × osteoclast (bone substance breaker)
• Fibroblast x fibrocytes
• Chondroblast x chondrocytes
• Erythroblast x
• Megaloblast x
• Myeloblast x
• Lymphoblast x
• Trophoblast x trophic cells
• Unipotent(single potency) x pluripotent(plural potency) or multipotent(multiple potency)
• Dense connective tissue x loose connective tissue
• Stratified epithelium x non stratified or single layer
• Short or cuboid or flat x tall or columnar or pseudostratified epithelium
• Keratinized x non- keratinized
• Dry or scaly epithelium x wet epithelium
• Elastic x plastic

• hypoglycemia X Increased glucose
• decreased insulin X increased insulin
• hypoglycemia X diabetes mellitus
• hypothyroidism X hyperthyroidism
• hypothyroidism X grave's disease(hyperthyroidism)
• decreased thyroid gland X increased thyroid gland(thyromegaly)
• thyromegaly(iodine deficiency or less TSH) X thyromegaly(hyperthyroidism OR More TSH)
• hypoparathyroidism X hyperparathyroidism
• addison's disease(hypocortisolism) X cushing's disease(hypercortisolism)
• hypocortisolism X hypercortisolism
• adrenal insufficiency or hypoaldosteronism X primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn's syndrome
• degeneration (decreased gland secreting cells) X adenoma(increased gland secreting cells )
• atrophy of adrenal gland X congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• rickets(children) or osteomalacia(adults) X BONE TUMOUR(new piece of bone)
• atrophy X Hyperplasia
• atrophy X hypertrophy
• water retention x water excretion or diuresis
• anti-diuresis x diuresis
• Increased frequency of urine x decreased frequency of urine
• Polyria x anuria
• Increased glomerular filtration rate x decreased glomerular filtration rate
• Increased reabsorption x decreased reabsorption
• Counter current flow x flow towards
• Flowing in opposite direction x flowing in parallel or same direction
• Antiparallel direction x parallel direction
• hypoandrogenism(low testosterone) X hyperandrogenism(high testosterone)
• hypoestrogenism x hyperestrogenism(high estrogen levels)
• Hypogonadism X hypergonadism(hyperfunction of gonads)
• gonadotropin deficiency x gonadotropin excess

• kyphosis X lordosis
• valgus(outward angulation) x Varus (medial deviation)
• Foot. pes valgus (from Latin pes = foot) — a medial deviation of the foot at subtalar joint.
• Hand: manus valgus (from Latin manus = hand)
• Wrist: Madelung's deformity — Wherein the wrist bones are not formed properly due to a genetic disorder.
• Hip: coxa valga (from Latin coxa = hip) — the shaft of the femur is bent outward in respect to the neck of the femur. Coxa valga >125 degrees. Coxa vara <125 degrees.
• Hip: coxa vara — the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced, resulting in a limp.
• Knee: genu valgum (from Latin genu = knee) — the tibia is turned outward in relation to the femur, resulting in a knock-kneed appearance.
• Knee: genu varum (from Latin genu = knee) — the tibia is turned inward in relation to the femur, resulting in a bowlegged deformity.
• Ankle: talipes valgus (from Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot) — outward turning of the heel, resulting in a 'flat foot' presentation.
• Ankle: talipes equinovarus (from Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot) — inward turning of the heel, resulting in clubfoot with the person walking on the outer part of the foot.
• Toe: hallux valgus (from Latin hallux = big toe) — outward deviation of the big toe toward the second toe. Resulting in a bunion.
• Toe: hallux varus (Latin hallux = big toe) — inward deviation of the big toe away from the second toe.
• Elbows: cubitus varus (Latin cubitus = elbow) — turned inward elbows
• Elbows: cubitus valgus (from Latin cubitus = elbow) — turned-in elbows

ORTHOPEDICS - MUSCLES

• abduction (abductor) X adduction (adductor)
• flexion(flexors of forearm) X extension (extensor of forearm)
• pronation(pronator) x supination(supinator)
• elevation of scapula(muscle mover) X lowering of scapula(paralysis)
• dropped shoulder(Trapezius paralysis) X shrugging of shoulder (trapezius)
• gastroparesis(gastro + paresis=paralysis) X gastric emptying or peristalsis of stomach
• lock jaw x mastication
• wrist drop X Wrist extension
• foot drop X Foot extension
• ptosis or horner's syndrome X Elevation of
• thumb movement (abduction and opposition) X ape hand deformity
• partial claw X
• Klumpke's paralysis presents with claw hand (C8,T1 lesion)
• erb's duchene palsy presents with waiter's tip (C5,C6) lesion
• bell's palsy »» facial nerve palsy »»> lacunar infarct or stroke X facial nerve functions (facial muscles movement)

• ABILITY X DISABILITY
• intelligent X mentally retarded
• depression X anxiety
• phobia(fear) OR PANIC(RUNNING AWAY FROM) X courage OR MANIA(CRAZY) RUNNING TOWARDS IT
• Good mood x bad mood
• able to memorize x unable to memorize(dementia)
• able to remember (memory) x unable to remember (amnesia)
• able to control body movements x unable to control body movements (ataxia)
• able to speak x unable to speak DUMB
• speaking non-sense(aphasia) x speaking sense
• ability to articulate speech x inability to articulate speech(dysarthria or anarthria)
• able to sleep x unable to sleep (insomnia)
• able to hear x unable to hear (DEAF)
• able to write x unable to write (agraphia or dysgraphia — inability to communicate through writing)
• able to read x unable to read (dyslexia or alexia- reading disorder)
• able to think x unable to think
• able to feel touch(sensation) x unable to feel touch (anaesthesia)
• able to feel pain(algia) x unable to feel pain(analgesia)
• normal controlled body movements x abnormal uncontrolled body movements (athetosis,tremors,tics,chorea,hemiballismus,akathisia)
• voluntary muscle movements (self controlled) x involuntary muscle movements (uncontrolled) — dyskinesias,akinesia
• hypokinesia (reduced amplitude of movment) x hyperkinesia (intrude with the normal flow of motor activity -REPITITIVE MOVEMENTS includes dyskinesia)
• bradykinesia (slow movements and rigidity) X
• able to walk in normal gait X unable to walk in normal gait
• able to stand in a normal posture x unable to stand in a normal posture
• able to recognize x inability to recognize (agnosia,astereognosia,visual agnosia
• Inability to sit is akathisia (urge to move ) x sit calmly…
• hypotonia(of muscles - amount of tension or resistance to stretch) x hypertonia (of muscles)
• hypotonia also called floppy baby syndrome that is resistance to passive movement… resisting while moved by other person.
• less stretch x more stretch
• conscious x unconscious
• love X hate

THE NORMAL SEQUENCE OF VOLUNTARY CONTROL IS

• CONTROL CENTRE »» MOVES »»> MUSCLE »»> CONTRACTS »» MOVES »»> BONE OR JOINT MOVEMENTS
• CONTROL CENTRE(DESTROYED) »» DOES NOT MOVES »> MUSCLES »> DOES NOT CONTRACT »> DOES NOT MOVE »> BONE(WALK)

• CONTROL CENTRE »» TONIC MOVEMENT »» MUSCLE »» TONIC CONTRACTION »»»> BONE (TONIC MOVEMENT)
• CONTROL CENTRE »»

• WEAK [[LOW TONE(DEAD WEIGHT,FLOPPY,MUSHY) »»»NORMAL MUSCLE TONE »» LIGHT,STRONG(HIGH MUSCLE TONE) STRONG
• CONTINUOUS X ALTERNATE
• CONTINOUS PASSIVE PARTIAL CONTRACTION == MUSCLE TONE OR TONUS
• CONTINUOUS PASSIVE PARTIAL CONTRACTION X ALTERNATE ACTIVE FULL CONTRACTION
• FLACCIDITY X SPASTICITY OR RIGIDITY
• FLACCID(WEAK)HYPOTONIA X SPASM(SPASTIC IS RIGID LIKE STONE OR STRONG) HYPERTONIA

• CONTRALATERAL X IPSILATERAL
• STRAIGHT X CURVED OR CROSS
• PARALLEL X PERPENDICULAR

• Good dreams x bad dreams
• Flight of ideas x thought blocking
• Defence x fight
• Laugh x cry
• Action x mutism
• Sleep x awake
• Arousal or alert x disturbed or disoriented
• Orientation x disorientation

• Nerve fibre tumour x nerve degeneration
• Astrocytoma
• Schwannoma
• Neurofibroma
• Brain tumour x brain infarct or degeneration of nerves

• Vision X blind
• Incorrect vision X correct vision
• incorrect vision (refractive error ) X correct vision ( treated eye or refractive error corrected with treatment)
• hypermetropia (image far behind the eye) x myopia (image formed infront of eye)
• focus shifted backwards or went back X focus shifted forwards or came forwards
• In future form to move front x in future form to move back
• in future form to move front we use converging focus rays X In future form to move back we use divering focus rays
• concave x convex
• no light x light
• EAR,NOSE AND THROAT
• hearing loss or dumb x hearing
• INCORRECT HEARING X CORRECT HEARING
• presbyopia (old age vision loss)
• presbycusis (old age hearing loss)

ANTICOAGULANTS - ends in parin, rin THROMBOLYTICS - ends in ase, kinase -ase = thrombolytic -kinase = thrombolytics -parin = anticoagulant

• HEMOSTASIS (PLATELETS AGGREGATION »» FIRST CLOT »»> FIBRIN »» CLOT(THROMBUS) »»> HEME+STASIS )
• ANTI-ANAEMIC X ANAEMIA (Decrease in the number of cars due to deficiency of folic acid,vitamin B12 or iron)
• ANTI-HEMORRHAGIC X HEMORRHAGE
• (ANTI-COAGULANTS X COAGULATION (formation of mesh/fibrin network without the proper signal or no one to inhibit/interefere with their work) ANTI-PLATELET X PLATELET (ANTI-FIBRINOLYTIC X FIBRINOLYTIC (breaking the formed fibrin mesh by machines)
• ANTI-THROMBOTIC X THROMBOSIS
• (ANTI-THROMBOLYTIC X THROMBOLYTIC (breaking the formed clot or dissolving them using certain machines and chemicals)

• Reconstruction x breaking or destroy
• Conception x contraception
• Natural x artificial
• Endotracheal tube x trachea
• Nasogastric tube x oesophagus
• Aspiration x administration or injection
• artificial Transplantation x natural transplantation
• Separation of blood components x mixing of blood components
• Low blood volume(disturbance) x correct
• Crushing x dilatation
• Seeing inside x seeing from outside
• Seeing inside (ENDOSCOPY) X Seeing from out(x ray..mri..ct scan)
• Incorrect x correct
• Incorrect = low or high
• Correction = decreasing to normal or increasing to normal
• Going towards normal x going away from normal
• Natural ventilation x artificial ventilation
• Positive pressure ventilation x negative pressure ventilation
• Continuous positive pressure x continuous negative pressure
• Natural pace maker x artificial pacemaker
• Natural organ x artificial organ
• Natural environment x artificial environment
• Bone marrow aspiration x bone marrow transplantation
• Natural lens x contact artificial lens
• Natural cornea x artificial cornea
• Natural environment of human cell x artificial environment of cell
• Cell inside human body x cell outside human body called as cell culture
• Natural bone x artificial bone

• Gastro intestinal antonym
• gastric emptying X delayed gastric emptying (gastroparesis)
• good cholesterol(hdl) X bad cholesterol (vldl)
• absorption X malabsorption
• Malabsorption syndrome …
• Digestion x indigestion
• Increased gastric acid secretion x decreased gastric secretion
• Hypochlorhydria x hyperchlorhydria
• incontinence X constipation
• egestion X constipation
• diarrhea X constipation
• increased peristalsis X decreased motility
• Catabolism(break) x anabolism (combine or build)
• Paralytic ileus x
• Gastroparesis x dumping syndrome
• Polydipsia x no thirst
• Hunger x satiety
• Abdominal distension with gas x flatulence
• Organ failure x organ function
• Liver failure x liver function
• Vomiting complications bilious or non bilious vomiting
• At the level of pylorus obstruction
• At the level of ileum

• DISTRUBANCES
• increased blood volume(hypervolemia) X hypovolemia(decreased blood volume)
• increased blood flow X decreased blood flow
• hyperaemia X ischemia
• congestion(stagnation ) X infarction(deprivation or isolaation)
• increased venous return x decreased venous return
• increased blood flow to lungs x decreased blood flow to lungs
• increased blood flow to heart muscles x decreased blood flow to heart muscles
• increased blood flow to right atrium x decreased blood flow to right atrium
• portal hypertension x portal hypotension
• hypertension x hypotension
• hemorrhage or shock x excess blood transfusion
• cardiac arrest x heart beat
• DISORDERS
• congestive heart failure X myocardial infarction
• aortic aneurysm X aortic stenosis
• berry aneurysm(brain) X cerebral infarction
• Increased cardiac output x decreased cardiac output
• increased contractility x decreased contractility
• increased preload x decreased preload
• increased afterload x decreased afterload
• increased pulmonary capillary pressure x decreased pulmonary capillary pressure
• increased mean arterial pressure x decreased mean arterial pressure
• Increased peripheral resistance x decreased peripheral resistance
• increased AV node conduction x decreased AV node conduction
• increased sinus rhythm x decreased sinus rhythm
• increased circulation x decreased circulation
• increased peripheral resistance x decreased peripheral resistance
• hypoplasia of heart x hyperplasia
• brown atrophy of heart x hypertrophy of heart
• death of heart muscles x heart muscles birth or development
• peace x war
• invasion x evasion
• silent blood flow x blood flow with murmurs
• silent closing of gates/valves x closing of gates with sound
• silent opening of gates x opening of gates with sound
• left bundle branch block x right bundle branch block
• block or obstruction x rhythm or flow
• sinus rhythm x sinus block (block at SA node)
• atrio ventricular rhythm x
• Tachycardia x bradycardia
• Sinus rhythm x arrythmia
• Tachyarrythmia x bradyarrythmia
• Electrocardiogram antonym
• ST Elevation x st depression
• T wave elevated x t wave depressed
• R - R Interval increased x r - r interval decreased
• Irregular rhythm x regular rhythm
• P wave tall x
• pr segment
• qrs complex x