DECREASE(GOING AWAY) OR LEFT X RIGHT (GOING RIGHT IN FORWARD DIRECTION)

                                                                                     LOSSES X GAINERS 
*                                                         FLUID PHYSIOLOGY 
* colloid osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure  X Hydrostatic pressure (pressure of blood against wall - static fluid pressure)I
* Inside X outside 
* Inside fluid (intracellular fluid) X extracellular fluid (Outside fluid)
* Dilute(inside) X Concentrated (outside) 
* concentrated(inside) X Dilute(outside)
* low concentration of electrolytes  X HIGH concentration of electrolytes 
*                       POTENTIAL 
* water potential (potential energy of water) X kinetic energy of water 
* Charge potential of cell(membrane potential inside cell) X membrane potential outside cell(charge potential of outside fluid 
* resting membrane potential X Dynamic changes in potential 
* 
* hypertonic solution X hypotonic solution (both terms are unequal but it is differentiated on the basis of movement of water from cells) 
* Cell shrink X Cell swelling 
* 
* Soluble  X Insoluble 
* hydrophilic(water loving) X hydrophobic(water hating or fearing) 
* lipophilic X Lipophobic 
* hemophilic x hemophobic
* 
* chromophobe cells include basophils and eosinophils 
* 
* BASOPHILIC X ACIDOPHILIC 
* BASE LOVER X ACID LOVER 
* NEUTROPHIL = NEUTRAL LOVER (both granules present)
* AZUROPHILIC X AZUROPHOBIC 
* EOSINOPHILIC X EOSINOPHOBIA 
* BASOPHILIC X BASOPHOBES 
* 
* mixing X separation 
* combining X breaking 
* combine X Break 
* ionic X Non - ionic 
* acid X Base 
* hydrostatic pressure (pressure of static water) X pressure gradient (pressure which drives water flow) 
* inward flow X Outward flow (inward flow of water across semipermeable membrane X Outward flow of water across semipermeable membrane) 
* permeable X impermeable (SEMI-PERMEABLE == cell membrane is semipermeable that is it is permeable and impermeable both) 
* addition of solutes lowers water potential(NEGATIVE VECTOR) X Increase in pressure increases water potential (POSITIVE VECTOR)
* 
*  
* 
* Flow is always from pure water (water with less or no solutes) to impure water (Water with higher concentration of solutes) 
* sea water has always higher concentration of salt(sodium) so from higher gradient to lower (solute movement from sea water to lakes(fresh water))
* 
* 
* equal X Unequal 
* barrier X Assistance or helpers 
* restriction X Entrance or passage 
* change in concentration over a distance is called concentration gradient X 
* change in pressure over a distance is called pressure gradient x 
* 
* tonicity ( it is the relative concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane) 
* osmolarity 
* water is always more extracellular because the content of water is more outside than on inside of cell,but the main aim is not to control water potential or gradient but to maintain the ionic composition and volume of water constant.
* 
* colloid (proteins - albumin,gelatin and water insoluble compounds)
* crystals(mineral ions,and water soluble compounds)
* 
* crystalloid osmotic pressure distinguishes because of the  presence of large pores in capillaries which tend to equalize solute concentrations on either side of membrane.
* 
* hypovolemia X increased blood volume 
* hyponatremia X hypernatremia 
* hypokalemia X hyperkalemia 
* hypocalcemia X hypercalcemia
* bone mineralization(formation) x bone resorption(release of minerals from bone)
* Hypoxia x hyperoxia
* Hypocarbia x hypercarbia 
* Acidosis x alkalosis
* Hypotension x hypertension
* 
* 
* 
* GAS PHYSIOLOGY 
* 
* Partial pressure(pressure of individual gas) X Pressure (pressure by whole mixture of gases) 
* Hyperventilation x hypoventilation 
* 
* 
* 
* DE - POLARIZATION 
* RE - POLARIZATION 
* POLARIZATION - POLARITY X NON-POLAR OR NO POLARITY 
* polarity arises due to the solubility of molecules in a solution.insoluble compunds are non -polar 

• Exotoxin x endotoxin
• Outside x inside
• Heat labile x heat stable
• Dna ligase x deoxyribo nuclease
• Hemolysis x heme synthesis
• Single celled organism x multiple celled organism
• Immune system
• Artificial immunity x natural immunity
• Active immunity x passive immunity
• Accquired immunity x innate or immunity since birth
• Autoimmunity or immunity against oneself x immunity against bacteria or microbes
• Cell production x cell killing
• Cell recognition x cell forget
• Insecure or risk to cell or harmful.x safety or security or
• Polycythemia x pancytopenia
• Leucopenia x leucocytosis
• Leucopenia x leucocytoosis(seen in tumours of immune cells)
• Immunodeficiency x increased immune cells
• Intolerance x tolerance
• Immume intolerance x
• Anemia x increased rbc count
• Immunocompetent x immunocompromised
• Blast is s producer x clast is a breaker
• Osteoblast(bone substance producer) × osteoclast (bone substance breaker)
• Fibroblast x fibrocytes
• Chondroblast x chondrocytes
• Erythroblast x
• Megaloblast x
• Myeloblast x
• Lymphoblast x
• Trophoblast x trophic cells
• Unipotent(single potency) x pluripotent(plural potency) or multipotent(multiple potency)
• Dense connective tissue x loose connective tissue
• Stratified epithelium x non stratified or single layer
• Short or cuboid or flat x tall or columnar or pseudostratified epithelium
• Keratinized x non- keratinized
• Dry or scaly epithelium x wet epithelium
• Elastic x plastic

• hypoglycemia X Increased glucose
• decreased insulin X increased insulin
• hypoglycemia X diabetes mellitus
• hypothyroidism X hyperthyroidism
• hypothyroidism X grave's disease(hyperthyroidism)
• decreased thyroid gland X increased thyroid gland(thyromegaly)
• thyromegaly(iodine deficiency or less TSH) X thyromegaly(hyperthyroidism OR More TSH)
• hypoparathyroidism X hyperparathyroidism
• addison's disease(hypocortisolism) X cushing's disease(hypercortisolism)
• hypocortisolism X hypercortisolism
• adrenal insufficiency or hypoaldosteronism X primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn's syndrome
• degeneration (decreased gland secreting cells) X adenoma(increased gland secreting cells )
• atrophy of adrenal gland X congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• rickets(children) or osteomalacia(adults) X BONE TUMOUR(new piece of bone)
• atrophy X Hyperplasia
• atrophy X hypertrophy
• water retention x water excretion or diuresis
• anti-diuresis x diuresis
• Increased frequency of urine x decreased frequency of urine
• Polyria x anuria
• Increased glomerular filtration rate x decreased glomerular filtration rate
• Increased reabsorption x decreased reabsorption
• Counter current flow x flow towards
• Flowing in opposite direction x flowing in parallel or same direction
• Antiparallel direction x parallel direction
• hypoandrogenism(low testosterone) X hyperandrogenism(high testosterone)
• hypoestrogenism x hyperestrogenism(high estrogen levels)
• Hypogonadism X hypergonadism(hyperfunction of gonads)
• gonadotropin deficiency x gonadotropin excess

• kyphosis X lordosis
• valgus(outward angulation) x Varus (medial deviation)
• Foot. pes valgus (from Latin pes = foot) — a medial deviation of the foot at subtalar joint.
• Hand: manus valgus (from Latin manus = hand)
• Wrist: Madelung's deformity — Wherein the wrist bones are not formed properly due to a genetic disorder.
• Hip: coxa valga (from Latin coxa = hip) — the shaft of the femur is bent outward in respect to the neck of the femur. Coxa valga >125 degrees. Coxa vara <125 degrees.
• Hip: coxa vara — the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced, resulting in a limp.
• Knee: genu valgum (from Latin genu = knee) — the tibia is turned outward in relation to the femur, resulting in a knock-kneed appearance.
• Knee: genu varum (from Latin genu = knee) — the tibia is turned inward in relation to the femur, resulting in a bowlegged deformity.
• Ankle: talipes valgus (from Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot) — outward turning of the heel, resulting in a 'flat foot' presentation.
• Ankle: talipes equinovarus (from Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot) — inward turning of the heel, resulting in clubfoot with the person walking on the outer part of the foot.
• Toe: hallux valgus (from Latin hallux = big toe) — outward deviation of the big toe toward the second toe. Resulting in a bunion.
• Toe: hallux varus (Latin hallux = big toe) — inward deviation of the big toe away from the second toe.
• Elbows: cubitus varus (Latin cubitus = elbow) — turned inward elbows
• Elbows: cubitus valgus (from Latin cubitus = elbow) — turned-in elbows

ORTHOPEDICS - MUSCLES

• abduction (abductor) X adduction (adductor)
• flexion(flexors of forearm) X extension (extensor of forearm)
• pronation(pronator) x supination(supinator)
• elevation of scapula(muscle mover) X lowering of scapula(paralysis)
• dropped shoulder(Trapezius paralysis) X shrugging of shoulder (trapezius)
• gastroparesis(gastro + paresis=paralysis) X gastric emptying or peristalsis of stomach
• lock jaw x mastication
• wrist drop X Wrist extension
• foot drop X Foot extension
• ptosis or horner's syndrome X Elevation of
• thumb movement (abduction and opposition) X ape hand deformity
• partial claw X
• Klumpke's paralysis presents with claw hand (C8,T1 lesion)
• erb's duchene palsy presents with waiter's tip (C5,C6) lesion
• bell's palsy »» facial nerve palsy »»> lacunar infarct or stroke X facial nerve functions (facial muscles movement)